South African farm attacks

The South African farming community has suffered from attacks for many years.^[1] The majority of the victims have been white farmers, with claims of death tolls of up to 3,000 cited in the national and international media.^[2][3] While the government describes the attacks as simply part of the bigger picture of crime in South Africa white farmers point to brutal attacks and incidents involving self-declared racist motivations as evidence of a campaign to drive them off their land.^[4]

In 2010, the issue garnered greater international attention in light of the murder of the far-right political figure Eugene Terre'Blanche on his farm.^[5]

Contents 1 Terminology and definition 2 Committee of Inquiry 3 Criticism 4 Prevention 5 "Shoot the boer" controversy 6 References 7 External links

Terminology and definition

South African statutory law does not define a "farm attack" as a specific crime. Rather, the term is used to refer to a number of different crimes committed against persons specifically on commercial farms or smallholdings.

According to the South African Police Service National Operational Co-ordinating Committee:

Attacks on farms and smallholdings refer to acts aimed at the person of residents, workers and visitors to farms and smallholdings, whether with the intent to murder, rape, rob or inflict bodily harm. In addition, all actions aimed at disrupting farming activities as a commercial concern, whether for motives related to ideology, labour disputes, land issues, revenge, grievances, racist concerns or intimidation, should be included.^[1]

This definition excludes "social fabric crimes", that is those crimes committed by members of the farming community on one another, such as domestic or workplace violence, and focuses on outsiders entering the farms to commit specific criminal acts. The safety and security MEC for Mpumalanga, Dina Pule, has disagreed with this definition and has stated that "farm attacks" only included those cases "where farm residents were murdered, and not cases of robberies or attempted murders."^[6] Human Rights Watch has criticised the use of the term "farm attacks", which they regard as "suggesting a terrorist or military purpose", which they consider to not be the primary motivation for most farm attacks.^[7][8] On September 15th 2011, Genocide Watch placed South Africa at level 6, Preperation, saying "we have evidence of organized incitement to violence against white people".^[9] Genocide Watch stated that by 2001 "2.2 percent of ethno-European farmers had already been murdered and more than... 12 percent of these farmers had been attacked on their farms".^[9] As of 2011 approximately 3,000-4,000 ethnically-European farmers have been murdered in South Africa.^[10][11][12]

Committee of Inquiry

A Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks was appointed in 2001 by the National Commissioner of Police. The purpose of the committee was to "inquire into the ongoing spate of attacks on farms, which include violent criminal acts such as murder, robbery, rape, etc, to determine the motives and factors behind these attacks and to make recommendations on their findings."^[1] The Committee used the definition for farm attacks as that supplied by the SAPS. The findings were published on 31 July 2003, and the main conclusions of the report were that:

• Perpetrators tended to be young, unemployed black men overwhelmingly from dysfunctional family backgrounds.
• Only a small proportion of attacks involved murder, although the rate of murder had increased by 25% since 2005.^[13]
• Theft was committed in almost all cases - in cases where no theft appeared to take place, it was usually because the attackers had been disturbed.
• White people were not targeted exclusively; in 2001 61% of farm attack victims were white.
• The total number of attacks was about 2,500, while farmers’ organisations state the figure to be closer to 3,000.^[13]

The Transvaal Agricultural Union (TAU) questioned a number of the report's findings, claiming that theft and desire for land did not adequately explain some of the attacks.^[14]

Criticism

The South African government has been criticised both for not doing more to prevent farm attacks, and for giving the issue a disproportionate amount of attention:

• Gideon Meiring, chairperson of the TAU's safety and security committee, criticised the South African Police Service for failing to prevent farm attacks, stating that the police "are not part of the solution but part of the bloody problem".^[15] Meiring has assisted farming communities in setting up private armed patrols in their area.

• Kallie Kriel of AfriForum accused politicians, including Agriculture Minister Lulu Xingwana and her deputy Dirk du Toit, of inciting hatred against farmers, saying "Those who inflame hate and aggression towards farmers have to be regarded as accomplices to the murders of farmers." In particular, Kriel condemned claims that violence against farm workers by farmers was endemic. Kriel also highlighted a court case in which ANC MP Patrick Chauke publicly blamed the white community for murders and at which ANC demonstrators displayed slogans such as "One settler, one bullet!", "Kill the Boer, kill the farmer!" and "Maak dood die wit man" (Kill the white man). Simple theft could not be used to explain the full motive of the attacks as it was not necessary to torture or murder victims in order to rob them.^[16]

• Human Rights Watch criticised the government for placing too much emphasis on protecting farmers, at the expense of protecting farm workers from abuse by farm owners. They suggest that "farm attacks" are given a disproportionately high media and political focus. "Murders on farms (of owners, or of workers by owners) are given an individual attention that many other killings are not."^[8]

• In 2004, former South African journalist Jani Allan appeared on the Jeff Rense radio show to 7 million listeners. She denounced the attacks and accused the South African government of a genocidal campaign. She encouraged Americans to sponsor the emigration of poor Afrikaner families. Ronnie Mamoepa, the spokesperson for the South African foreign affairs department, said the department would not respond to Allan's claims, as this would give her "undue attention she does not deserve". Afrikaner intellectual Hermann Giliomee has also slammed Allan. He said Allan should not be taken seriously. While there had been large numbers of farm murders, there was no evidence to prove that the killings were an orchestrated political campaign, he said.^[17]

Prevention

While the police are supposed to regularly visit commercial farms to ensure security, they are unable to provide effective protection due to the wide areas that need to be covered and a lack of funding. The protection gap has been filled by 'Farmwatch' groups which link together by radio nearby farmers who can provide mutual assistance, local Commando volunteers, and private security companies. These forces are more likely to be able to respond rapidly to security alarms than widely-distributed police stations. The particular mix of groups that operate varies by area, with border zones continuing a strong history of Commando volunteers, while wealthier farmers are more likely to employ private security firms. The police and these groups are linked together as part of the Rural Protection Plan,^[18] created in 1997 by President Nelson Mandela.^[4] However, in 2003 the government began disbanding commando units, on the rationale that they had been "part of the apartheid state's security apparatus".^[19]

Others have chosen to migrate to countries they consider to be safer, like Georgia.^[20]

"Shoot the boer" controversy

In March 2010, at a rally on a university campus, president of the African National Congress Youth League Julius Malema sang the lyrics "shoot the boer" (Dubul' ibhunu^[21] – "Boer" is the Afrikaans word for "farmer", but is also used as a derogatory term for Afrikaners).^[22][23] His singing was compared to similar chants by deceased Youth League leader Peter Mokaba in the early 1990s, "kill the boer",.^[24] which had previously been defined as hate speech by the South African Human Rights Commission.^[25] Recently, Julius Malema was summoned for the criminal offence of hate speech by Solidarity and Afriforum in the Southern Gauteng High Court in Johannesburg to explain his actions.^[24] On 16 May 2011 the judge in the case ruled that the use of the phrase was incitement to murder.^[26] In 2011 Afriforum youth and the Transvaal Agricultural Union (TAU SA) brought an application forward against ANC youth league leader Julius Malema at the equality court over his singing of the song.^[27] Afriforum argued that “Boer” referred either to Afrikaners or farmers and that Malema was a public and influential leader, openly singing lyrics that incited violence towards an ethnic group, which constituted hate speech. TAU said, that it was not about the intent but how the message was perceived by the targeted group or the group that felt targeted. ANC lawyers argued that the contentious lyrics were taken completely out of context and that he word "ibhunu" or even “boer” did not refer to Afrikaners, but to the system of apartheid. Expert witnesses stated that the chant, the words, could spur to violence, especially marginalised people.^[28] On 12 September 2011, Judge Lamont ruled that the singing of the words shoot the boer amounts to hate speech. He also declared the singing of the song in any capacity to be illegal stating that he finds no possible justifications for singing the song ^[29] The ANC has announced that they will appeal the ruling ^[30]

References

External links

• Genocide Watch - South Africa

Law enforcement in South Africa Police Department of Police · South African Police Service (Crime Intelligence · Special Task Force) · Municipal Police · Independent Complaints Directorate · Department of Correctional Services Crime Sexual violence (Corrective rape) · Xenophobic violence · Farm attacks · Taxi wars · Terrorism · Corruption · Human trafficking See also Law · Prisons · Private security industry · Life imprisonment